RAND Report Details 9-11 Victims Compensation

RAND Report Details 9-11 Victims Compensation Dateline: January, 2005 An investigation discharged by the RAND Corporation shows that survivors of the Sept. 11, 2001 psychological oppressor assaults - the two people slaughtered or genuinely harmed and people and organizations affected by the strikes - have gotten at any rate $38.1 billion in pay, with insurance agencies and the government giving in excess of 90 percent of the installments. New York organizations have gotten 62 percent of the absolute remuneration, mirroring the expansive running financial effects of the assault in and close to the World Trade Center. Among people executed or genuinely harmed, crisis responders and their families have gotten more than regular citizens and their families who endured comparative financial misfortunes. By and large, people on call have gotten about $1.1 million more for each individual than regular people with comparable financial misfortune. The 9-11 fear based oppressor assaults brought about the passings of 2,551 regular citizens and genuine injury to another 215. The assaults additionally slaughtered or genuinely harmed 460 crisis responders. â€Å"The pay paid to the casualties of the assaults on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and in Pennsylvania was extraordinary both in its degree and in the blend of projects used to make payments,† said Lloyd Dixon, a RAND senior financial specialist and lead creator of the report. â€Å"The framework has brought up numerous issues about value and decency that have no conspicuous answers. Tending to these issues presently will enable the country to be more ready for future psychological oppression. Dixon and co-creator Rachel Kaganoff Stern met and assembled proof from numerous sources to gauge the measure of pay paid out by insurance agencies, government offices and good cause following the assaults. Their discoveries include: Insurance agencies hope to make at any rate $19.6 billion in installments, involving 51 percent of the cash paid in compensation.Government installments all out almost $15.8 billion (42 percent of the aggregate). This incorporates installments from neighborhood, state and governments, in addition to installments from the September 11 Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 that was built up by the government to repay those executed or truly harmed in the assaults. The complete does exclude installments to tidy up the World Trade Center site or remake open framework in New York City.Payments by beneficent gatherings involve only 7 percent of the aggregate, in spite of the way that causes dispersed an uncommon $2.7 billion to survivors of the attacks.Because of worries that obligation cases would stop up the courts and make further monetary mischief, the central government constrained the risk of carriers, air terminals and certain administration bodies. The legislature set up the Victim Comp ensation Fund to make installments to families for the passings and wounds of casualties. Likewise, the administration subsidized a significant monetary renewal program for New York City.RAND specialists found that organizations hurt by the assaults have gotten the greater part of the pay that the examination had the option to measure. The groups of regular folks killed and the regular citizens who were harmed gotten the second-most noteworthy installments. The investigation found that: Organizations in New York City, especially in lower Manhattan close to the World Trade Center, have gotten $23.3 billion in pay for property harm, upset tasks, and financial motivating forces. Around 75 percent of that originated from insurance agencies. More than $4.9 billion went to rejuvenate the economy of Lower Manhattan.Civilians executed or genuinely harmed got a sum of $8.7 billion, averaging about $3.1 million for each beneficiary. The majority of this originated from the Victim Compensation Fund, however installments additionally originated from insurance agencies, managers and charities.About $3.5 billion was paid to uprooted inhabitants, laborers who lost their positions, or other people who endured passionate injury or were presented to ecological hazards.Emergency responders murdered or harmed got an aggregate of $1.9 billion, with the majority of that originating from the administration. Installments arrived at the midpoint of about $1.1 million more for each individua l than for regular people with comparative monetary misfortunes, with a large portion of the higher sum because of installments from charities.​ Certain highlights of the Victim Compensation Fund would in general increment remuneration comparative with monetary misfortune. Different highlights would in general decline pay comparative with financial misfortune. Analysts state progressively point by point singular information are expected to decide the net impact. For instance, the Victim Compensation Fund chose to confine the measure of lost future profit it would consider when ascertaining grants for survivors. Chairmen topped pay the reserve would consider at $231,000 every year in anticipating future lifetime profit, despite the fact that numerous individuals killed earned more than that sum. The uncommon ace of the Victim Compensation Fund had considerable prudence to set last honors for higher salary workers, yet information are not accessible on how he practiced that circumspection.

History of Globalization Free Essays

Globalization history Name: Institution: Scientist may surmised when the world was shaped yet individuals don't have a clue how evident this is. Be that as it may, one thing is clear; the method of our lives have transformed from the most crude to an exceptionally progressed. By and by on the planet there are areas that are more grown more than others inferable from certain reasons. We will compose a custom paper test on History of Globalization or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Globalization is liable for every one of these improvements that have happened at various paces (Appadurai, 2003). Globalization is the distinction of time and the advancement of world. Henceforth its’ a term used to clarify how the world is today, and changes that have happened directly from the antiquated days to the current day. In a shallow portrayal, globalization is a wonder that includes delivered basic changes inside social orders. It covers a scope of social, financial and political changes. Therefore, worldwide history centers around the mankind's history and notable advancements from numerous previous decades, however to certain individuals it is a result of current powers of progress which can't be anticipated right back to the old decades. Globalization is not any more unchangeable than worldwide history and idea; it is joined by different ideas like data society, post mechanical age, post present day age, etc. Globalization isn't an individual from a file ever, yet it stays a greater amount of an informative, general idea for a progression of real procedures of change. Globalization is a procedure that, for quite a while, has been advancing. Various thoughts and new advancements are found as time pass (Teichmann, 2003). The economy, legislative issues culture and military buildings follow their patterns. Despite the fact that all these rely upon where they are arranged, the time and social class. In this manner globalization is an open procedure that changes the financial, political, social, social and military establishments, which might be associations like the congregation, state, family, organizations, etc. The significant jobs of globalization are the development fixation and speeding up of overall relations. One of its qualities is its effect on everything secured by rubric of culture. The social globalization is regularly determined by the correspondence innovation and overall showcasing of western social enterprises. This was comprehended at the main procedure of standardization, as the worldwide control of Americans. It was to the detriment of the customary decent variety. At that point there was a distinction and developments that began challenging globalization and supporting neighborhood uniqueness, independence and character. The developments utilized same advances to seek after their own objective and they would request the world’s assessment. Roland Robertson named this as â€Å"Univesalization† (Global strategy discussion, 2005). Globalization is followed far back in the rise of Homo sapiens and the movement out of Africa to the world. Globalization is recommended as the procedure of movement was the focal globalization driver, as it connected procedures of segment development and expanding thickness of human home. Through this, the populace expanded and the mixing of various individuals finished some old practices. There is a close to perpetual exhibit of things that should be possible to manage worldwide political issues, however space requirements have constantly restricted us to issues of responsibility and straightforwardness. What's more, individuals adjusted to new adjustments, which are not consistent and they change with time. Through globalization the consequences of social change can be deciphered as hybridity. This implies new social components being innovatively adjusted to work with existing ones and the individuals step by step receive to the quickly evolving conduct. Most creators have portrayed globalization as a key difference in classifications of reality, broad utilization of electronic mail and the decrease in phone expenses has made and shared promptness and a virtual harmony, produces basics for overall social relations. This has sped up correspondence. In the financial globalization, there has been progression in methods of transportation and innovation, which have given free market belief system which has realized reasonable exchanges and administrations. Flexibly and request have gotten compelling because of the freedom of market sources from legislative guidelines. Most nations have exploited globalization. There is likewise the favorable utilization of the worldwide money related foundations and provincial exchange understandings for helping poor nations to lessen duties, to privatize state endeavors, and loosen up ecological and work norms. The outcomes increment in benefits for speculators however offered concessions to workers (Ritzer, 2010). There has been improvement in the realm of farming when contrasted with notable days for example the individuals of Mesopotamia used to utilize the ‘shadoff’ technique for water system, through globalization better strategies have been investigated and created like the utilization of water sprinklers, trickle water system strategy just to specify. All the more so there has been the improvement of high variety seed that help the ranchers get significant returns of gather. There are hardware controls that are utilized like the utilization tractors in furrowing the land and utilize consolidated reapers to gather wheat. This has definitely hindered some brutal organizations like the slave exchange and furthermore subjection. In the customary time, legislative issues was directed by the national governments, who were answerable for keeping up security and financial government assistance of its residents, land issues and furthermore the human rights. Through globalization changes have happened and this has constrained the political movement to change too. Legislative issues has occurred through political incorporation plans like joined countries (U. N), European Union NGOs ,World bank and global financial reserve, just to specify, all the more so affable social orders associations act everywhere throughout the world by framing coalitions with associations in different nations as opposed to working through their administrations. There will consistently be contrasts of the globalization thoughts, being a progression of scholastic written works, across political, economy and sociology that are all the more explicitly worried about post second worldwide monetary turn of events and governmental issues. Globalization speculations consider the to be as driven by various changes in human life, and it’s hard to unpick the factor which will in general be a key driver. In spite of the fact that that doesn't mean we now and again are aggressor rivals of globalization. Globalization is reflexive to individuals; individuals hesitantly situate themselves to the world. For instance, in organizations individuals investigate worldwide markets. Individuals meet in exchange fairs. There are entomb relationships, bury social blending, individuals change thoughts and furthermore correspondence moans. Globalization adds to human dealing, a great many people through movements, as individuals structure third world nations need to move to well create nations in such of work. At that point in the event that they neglect to land the position they include themselves with unethical behavior. Likewise globalization empowers clashes among various networks, as certain networks needs to present more prominent than others. This prevalence and minority edifices leads over errors among individuals which lead to inborn wars, etc. On the legitimacy side of globalization, it has brought individuals through intermixing and there is progression of correspondence and data innovations in that References Appadurai, A. (2003). Globalization. Durham [u. a. : Duke Univ. Press. Worldwide approach discussion. (2005). Globalization of the Economy. Recovered March 29, 2013 from http://www. globalpolicy. organization/globalization/globalization-of-the-economy-2-1. html Ritzer, G. (2010). Globalization: A fundamental book. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Teichmann, I. (2003). Globalization. North Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media. The most effective method to refer to History of Globalization, Papers

Gathering Eggcorns Can Be Hobby-Forming

Gathering Eggcorns Can Be Hobby-Forming One of the most important reasons to care about language and to always be delving deeper into its origins and usage, aside from the occasional opportunity to stand in self-righteous judgment over others, is that language can be fun!* *And judging others is way fun! Duh! The fun language phenomenon I’ve discovered todayâ€"and many of you may already be aware of this, in which case you may stand in self-righteous judgment over meâ€"is the eggcorn. Though given its name by the good folks at Language Log (and more on the origin of the name can be found here), I’m sure eggcorns have been a curious occurrence in language for as long as language has been occurring. In short, an eggcorn is an idiosyncratic substitution of a word or phrase for another word or words that sound the same in the speaker’s dialect. The new word or phraseâ€"and here’s where it gets interesting and distinct from a mere malapropismâ€"has a different meaning, but one that could be plausible in the context. For example, “eggcorn:” since acorns are somewhat shaped like eggs and are considered seeds or corns, “eggcorn” (or “egg corn”) would make more sense than “acorn” to someone who had never seen the word spelled out. Essentially, an eggcorn is an unintentional punâ€"the best kind of pun there is. So to anyone who thinks language is boring, I offer eggcorns as antidotal evidence. Here is some advice, as a simple curtsey to my readers, without putting too much of an explanation point on it, in basic lame man’s terms: playing around with words is one of the best ways to buy one’s timeâ€"since it’s free (and if you believe that, I know a guy named Jack who’d like to sell you his bean stock). But what sparked my initial interest was the arrival this week in my Google Reader feed (courtesy, again of Language Log) of an entire eggcorn essay that has been making the rounds, oh, for the last year or so. I will hereby do my part to perpetuate the meme: I am sorry to be the baron of bad news, but you seem buttered, so allow me to play doubles advocate here for a moment. For all intensive purposes I think you are wrong. In an age where false morals are a diamond dozen, true virtues are a blessing in the skies, and are more than just ice king on the cake. We often put our false morality on a petal stool like a bunch of pre-Madonnas, but you all seem to be taking something very valuable for granite. So I ask of you to mustard up all the strength you can because it is a doggy dog world out there. Although there is some merit to what you are saying it seems like you have a huge ship on your shoulder. In your argument you seem to throw everything in but the kids Nsync, and even though you are having a feel day with this I am here to bring you back into reality. I have a sick sense when it comes to these types of things. It is almost spooky, because I cannot turn a blonde eye to these glaring flaws in your rhetoric. I have zero taller ants when it comes to people spouting out hate in the name of moral righteousness. You just need to remember what comes around is all around, and when supply and command fails you will be the first to go. Make my words, when you get down to brass stacks it doesnt take rocket appliances to get two birds stoned at once. Its clear who makes the pants in this relationship, and sometimes you just have to swallow your prize and accept the fax, instead of making a half-harded effort. You might have to come to this conclusion through denial and error but I swear on my mothers mating name that when you put the petal to the medal you will pass with flying carpets like its a peach of cake. So, without further adieu, what eggcorns have you stumbled upon (recently or once and a while)? Which one’s make you happy, and which ones really get your dandruff up?

Arguments of Todays Society - 5576 Words

I. Benefits of Legalization Currently most everywhere in the United States, our legal system penalizes prostitutes and their customers for what they do as consenting adults. Money is still spent on law enforcement efforts to catch prostitutes and their customers. Once caught, justice departments have to process these people through very expensive systems. What are the end results? Police personnel and courtrooms are overburdened with these cases, having little or no impact on prostitution. The prostitutes and their customers pay their fines and are back to the streets in no time in a revolving door process. Catch and release may work for recreational fishing but it has no deterring affect on prostitution. Making prostitution legal will†¦show more content†¦safety, of the product. In attempts to prohibit alcohol consumption through the Volstead Act, spending by the Bureau of Prohibition went from $4.4 million to $13.4 million annually. Spending by the Coast Guard was an average $13 million per year in the 1920s for prohibition alone [Mark Thornton]. In fact when per capita costs are analyzed, spending more to curb behavior did literally nothing against consumption, making a total mockery of law enforcement efforts. Social irresponsibility of this magnitude during the depression was horrific when considering how these monies could have been spent to do good for society. Programs could have been developed to help the unemployed. Healthcare could have been expanded to include social programs to drive down high suicide rates. It was thought prohibition would put an end to many social problems but it actually created many more. Increasing the number of laws runs a risk of creating more criminals, and that is exactly what had happened. Jails became filled. Government spending to pay for the housing and maintenance of these criminals went up [Mark Thornton]. Compounded by the lack of intake from alcohol tax, it placed huge dents on public coffers. Prohibition caused many problems related to criminal activity. There was a causal link between prohibition and an increase in homicides. During prohibition, homicide rates increased over 66%. After prohibition was repealed on Dec. 5, 1933, the homicide rate immediatelyShow MoreRelatedCritical Argument Analysis802 Words   |  4 Pagesof fear† itself† (Furedi, 2007, pg. 1). In stating his argument that† fear is playing a key role in the twenty-first century† he is making a claim without any support to back his statement at this time (Furedi, 2001, pg.1). The style of Furedi’s writing is a mixture between formal and informal, in the range of semiformal. The purpose of Furedi’s essay was to convey the notions that fear are attached to many events that surround today’s society. In the essay that Furedi has written this author hasRead More William Farrell’s Men as Success Objects Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesis the object of much scru tiny. Farrell analyzes the role of gender in today’s society and states that male identity is in a condition where male insecurities about success, their appearance, and females have left most men in today’s society in dire straights. Compounded by prevailing ultra-feminist ideals, society has become saturated by the â€Å"men are jerks† mentality. This condition can be seen in various aspects of society such as commercials, television programs, even greeting cards (Farrell,Read MoreLiterature and Functional Curiosity Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pageshungry interest in what is happening everywhere.† MacDonald’s opinion of functional curiosity is that it only encourages practice in reading rather than giving beneficial information. He considers today’s literature as flimsy and overwhelming. MacDonald assumes that all reading done in today’s society is â€Å"shallow thinking.† I agree with MacDonald that there is a great amount of mediocre literature floating around, but he does not take into account the technological advancements, the lifestyles ofRead MoreWhy I Deserve Credit For This Class Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesthat I deserve credit for this class because of how I’ve mastered connecting literature to current events and today’s society, my use of annotating and paraphrasing to help comprehend a text, as well as how I found, evaluated, and cited research to help support a central argument. During the third quarter of the year when we read 1984 I mastered how to connect literature to today’s society and current events. Winston Smith lived in Oceania and was under direct control of the Party. The Party observedRead MoreThe Ideas Of A University922 Words   |  4 Pagescalled ‘a Liberal Education.’† While this question was asked in the 1800s, many in today’s society still ask it today. One issue Newman argues for is the purpose of a university education, specifically the â€Å"utility† of the Liberal Arts. Although around one hundred and fifty years later, in many ways Newman’s claims and arguments on the issue of education in his time can be related to the issue of education in society today. Newman argues that universities should teach â€Å"all branches of knowledge† inRead More The Virtue of Discrimination Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Virtue of Discrimination Discrimination is a word that has taken on a negative connotation in todays society. Since the beginning of the equal rights movement, the perceived meaning of the word discrimination has shifted from that of a useful virtue to one of an insulting, derogatory word. Robert Keith Miller wrote an essay for Newsweek in the summer of 1980 that focuses on the discrepancies in the use of the word discrimination. â€Å"Discrimination Is a Virtue† points out the differencesRead MoreThe Argument Culture Summary and Response Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone who read the essay and said â€Å"hey Deborah Tannen’s argument makes sense.† Like my audience, I never really thought about it that much. I want to come across as someone that wants things to be less confrontational and to see things from all sides. I want the audience to see that there are more sides to a story than two and to open their mind to all kinds of different views without jumping to a fast conc lusion. The Argument Culture is an excerpt from Deborah Tannen’s book. DeborahRead More Postman: Rant or Reason? Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween todays media-driven society, and yesterdays typographic America. Postman goes on to discuss in the second half of his book the effects of todays media, politics on television, religion on television, and finally televised educational programs. All, he says, are making a detrimental imprint on our society, its values, and its standards. Postman explains that the media consists of fragment[s] of news (100), and politics are merely a fashion show. Although Postmans arguments regardingRead MoreThe Worst Is Not Yet For Come1111 Words   |  5 Pagesmakes an interesting appeal to today’s YA authors, in an effort to stop this terrible fate. Through his effective use of ethos and pathos, Reeve brings to light the current trend in YA Dystopia, having their pages filled with doom and gloom, and the effect this will have on the minds o f our future generations. Award winning author Reeve writes his plea to any author who might be considering writing a YA dystopia novel. He asks them to consider the current outlook of today’s futuristic novels, and toRead MoreThe Insatiable Techno Zombie Love912 Words   |  4 Pagesscaring someone into accepting one’s argument. This is the case in Doug Mann’s Pop Matters article â€Å"Our insatiable Techno Zombie Love†; in this article Mann tries to manifest fear in the reader in order to make them believe that America’s recent obsession with the monsters known as zombies is rooted in modern society forfeiting its freedom. Through the use of language that feeds into what terrifies today’s youth culture, Mann is able to make a compelling argument for his idea. By using the powerful

North Dakota s State Regulatory Agencies - 2619 Words

Many would not believe that North Dakota has some serious environmental concerns, at least I did not. I always thought of North Dakota as a stable and somewhat of a quiet state. After doing some extensive research, I found that North Dakota has environmental concerns with terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic ecosystems. As for aquatic ecosystems, the main damage has been done through haphazard artificial drainage, excessive water diversions, and improper disposal of industrial waste. Impact to terrestrial ecosystems is caused by the constant industrial and residential work sectors as well as the mechanical destruction of plant communities. Lastly, atmospheric issues can be pointed to blowing soil and improper pesticide application. As we†¦show more content†¦The State Water Commission provides many laws and policies that citizens and businesses in the state must follow. Also, something that I found very interesting was that the Water Commission is involved in a variety of s pecial water projects. One project that I will focus on is the Dam Safety project. The purpose of this project is to provide a program to minimize the risk to life and property associated with the potential failure of dams in North Dakota. The State Water Commission conducts dam inspections in order to identify any maintenance repairs that should be done. The image that I have provided below is a map of water well records, dams, drains, water levels, etc. This image is provided to us by the State Water Commission through there General Water Resource MapService. As for the Geological Survey Division, this survey serves as the primary source of geological information in the state. The mission of this division is to investigate the geology, administer regulatory programs, and provide public service to the state of North Dakota. This survey actively maps the surface geology in the state with a big emphasis on urban areas and the identification of hazards such as landslides. Seen in the figure below, is a map of all landslides. The Geological Survey also provides petroleum information, clay maps, fossil digs, as well as rules and regulation of mining and

For this discussion I asked my kids to help me, since my topic for the Final project is about kids in gangs Free Essays

My children’s concerns about kids in gangs is, that they are to young, they think it is cool, the violence- robbery, killing, raping and shooting other kids or adults. What they think has caused this problem is the kids get asked to join, they think it is cool, they think it is going to help them make friends and that their family members will respect them more, and that the kids are getting abused at home. I asked them how is this problem affecting y’all and they told me, that they see the gang kids beating up other kids, stealing from them, both of my kids said that they are afraid that it will go too far and they could be victims in a shooting at school, and that they will get approached and asked to join a gang. We will write a custom essay sample on For this discussion I asked my kids to help me, since my topic for the Final project is about kids in gangs or any similar topic only for you Order Now I took the questioning to another level and asked them, What do you think about kids in gangs and What is your views on gangs and the crimes they commit? My 14 year old son answered me with that they are trying to act like they are something, when actually they are not. They are no different than any other person trying to get an education or job like the rest of us. He said that gangs are not safe, that they commit robberies, murder, and that they tag everything with their gang signs and makes everything ugly with it. I asked my 12 year old daughter the same questions and she responded with, they think it is cool; other friends are in a gang, that the kids that are in a gang could be getting abused at home. She also said that if they wanted to be in a group that they should join events at school like sports or another group that is sponsored through the school. When I asked her about her views are on gangs and the crimes that they commit, she came back with, they rob and murder people, they beat up other kids, women, and the elderly to get what they want, and that they graffiti their gang signs on everything. She said she is sick of seeing the gang signs on everything in our town. She also amazed me and took it to another level with respect and hurt from family members. She said that the kids that are in a gang are hurting their family members, friends and their selves. Also that their family members will no longer trust or respect them because of what they are doing or what they have done in the past. Also that when a kid joins a gang that it is hard for them to get out of the gang and that being in a gang could or will mess up their future or their lives. It amazed me that she knows more about gangs than my 14 year old son does. Some of my ideas to address these issues with my kids would be: talk to them about the violence, the abuse that could be happening to these kids that are in the gangs, the murdering, the graffiti, just about gang life in general. I can also take my kids to our local enforcement office and let them talk to the detectives that I work with and let them ask questions about it and how they can or should look for. Being open and honest with my kids about this topic of gangs is the best way to address this problem. My kids will benefit from listening to what I have to say about gangs because they know that I have worked and work with our local detectives about this situation and that I know more about this than they do. I can honestly say that I don’t have to worry about my kids and gangs because they are too involved with school and sports and they despise all gang activity. How to cite For this discussion I asked my kids to help me, since my topic for the Final project is about kids in gangs, Papers

What Is Darwins Theory Essays - Evolutionary Biologists

What is Darwin's Theory? Many scientists have different understandings and uses of bioengineering. Darwin's Theory on natural selection has stirred up some controversies on whether or not to remain studying and researching for information on the theory. Jeremy Rifkin, a philosopher and environmental activist, portrays in his article the world will be coming to an end if we remain to use bioengineering the way that we have been. He feels it is a waste of time and money to keep researching on Darwin's Theory. Where as Stephen Jay Gould, biology and geology professor at Harvard University, feels that bioengineering is a complex yet useful item in science. He believes if one can understand the history behind the theory, then it would be a useful item for future use. Both authors main view is to create a better environment for humans to live in, but have different thoughts on how to reach the better side. Gould believes "Rifkin does not understand science, therefore he misuses science for political and social purposes- or scientific racism." (Gould, 1985, pg 676) Rifkins outlook on bioengineering is not being totally against it, but as a method that is not useful. He feels that science may be misused and pointless, therefore why have scientists work day and night over projects which are pointless. He doesn't want society to spend so much money on a cause that is what he thinks is worthless. In one case, he says that evolution is a false science. The whole theory of Darwin is fake because it was created due to scientists experimenting over and over again until they came up with some conclusions. He believes scientists should not waste time on tying to find an answer, when it isn't exact. He believes that no one knows the truthful answers unless one has lived through the era. Gould along with many other scientist disagree to that piece of information Rifkin gives. Gould believes that Rifkin doesn't understand science to the full extent. He has no knowledge or experience behind the field, therefore leading him to the wrong answers about science. Most scientists agree because research and experimentation is the way to learn about the past and future. There was also a statement that Rifkin wrote in Algeny, a book about alchemy of genes, that Gould found hilarious. Rifkin wrote about what he had seen at the Galapagos islands: "vultures, condors, vampire bats, jaguars, and snakes." Rifking also wrote, " it was a savage, primeval bloodletting and ferocious, unremitted battle for survival. The air was dank and foul and the thick stench of volcanoes ash veiled the islands with a kind of goulash drape." (Gould, 1985, 682) He gave a very harsh, scary description of the islands. Gould laughs and believes Rifkin has never set foot on the islands. Gould says the total opposite of the environment and physical description of the Galapogas. He says it is a beautiful and there are no harmful animals at the location. Rifkin doesn't totally disagree on science, but is making many false accusations. Hr loves science, but critics believe some of view points against evolution and Darwin's theory do not have enough understanding behind them. Gould believes that Rifkin doesn't comprehend or have enough facts and information on the subject to make a honest opinion. He feels that Rifkin just looks straight and won't look to the side, where he could find deeper information. Many scientists and critics do not appreciate Rifkin's rambling on about science and saying things he doesn't know. Rifkin feels he has a say in anything, and these are his opinions on the matter at hand.

Scientific experiments on animals are cruel and unnecessary and should be banned (discuss whether it is right statement or not ) The WritePass Journal

Scientific experiments on animals are cruel and unnecessary and should be banned (discuss whether it is right statement or not ) Scientific experiments on animals are cruel and unnecessary and should be banned (discuss whether it is right statement or not ) IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Almost Two years ago some people work for animal rights (who work against vivisections) attacked a Neuroscientist who works in California University by sitting a fire in his car, which was parked in front of his house (Guardian 2009).   This shows that many people do not appreciate the essential advantages of experiments on animals and its help in the medical field. Do the advantages of animal testing outweigh the disadvantages and allow   us to carry out the procedures on animals? Many would say that experiments on animals are useless as the response of humans might be different to animals in some cases. However, it seems clear that testing drugs on animal before using them on human has played a huge role in developing vaccines against many diseases. Moreover, many treatments depend on animal testing because other testing methods aren’t advanced enough. This essay will argue how animal testing is necessary for human clinical trials. It is undeniable that experiments on animals have brought many new findings in the field of medicine for, example they have developed vaccines that can protect people against many diseases for instance, polio, rabies, measles and rubella and many other findings. According to Paul E and Paul J (2001), Scientific and medical researches on animals are justified, it is obvious that animal testing is justified by the benefits that these researches bring to our society such as progressing     knowledge as well as improvements in disease analysis, diagnosis, and treatment. Another reason to justify carrying out experiments on animals that people can sacrifice animals and eat their meat and use their fur and skin to produce whether clothes fabric or domicile’s needs. In 2002, 808 millions chicken was slaughtered as well as 23 millions turkeys and 20 millions ducks for people to eat (House of Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee). It is obvious if people can sacrif ice animals to feed themselves and avoid starvation, they are capable of making experiments on them to protect themselves of destruction by having a disease, which may threat their lives. Animals are not only used for testing drugs in laboratories before being approved for curing their disease. Also scientists can do further researches about genetics by removing or adding the gene into the series of DNA, so that the disease could be cured. For instance, pigs cannot digest a chemical compound which called phosphate that exists in their food, therefore, their faeces can be toxic and destructive to the environment since phosphate helps plants to grow so quickly which affects streams or rivers by chocking them and cause a huge damage to the ecosystem. Then some genes of mice has been inserted into some pigs to enable them to digest phosphate and make them less polluted and the result of this experiment has shown a success (BBC, 2011). It seems reasonable clear that this experiment has helped to protect our planet of many catastrophes as flood which leads to unpolluted atmosphere.   Valon C. (2007) states, â€Å"in vivo mutations are studied with transgenic animals (ani mals with foreign target gens) using molecular genetic techniques†. As a result, doctors would be able to understand the origin of the disease and they could discover a different solution to avoid diseases, instead of operations or taking drugs. It is well known that there are too many years of investigation left until the genetic techniques would be completely developed. In the meantime, we should carry on testing on animals for improving the humans and animals health future. Critics usually claim that statistics shows that the number of patient who has cancer increased over the previous years despite the scientist researches; therefore, this shows that their researches on animals are ineffective. RSC members, 2007 illustrate that breast cancer is one of the largest diseases that based on animal researches and over 42,000 patients are diagnosed every year in United Kingdom and over 80 percent of them are surviving over the past five years. This would be the evidence that animal testing has appreciably developed cancer treatments. Another field, which based on animal testing, is vaccinations, which protect men of many lethal diseases. Nowadays, vaccines exist to prevent some harmful diseases as meningococcal and it is capable of preventing most its types (RSC members, 2007). It is undeniable, that all human need vaccines to avoid having some harmful diseases, which threat their lives or their ability as polio and meningococcal. In addition, testing drugs on animal before humans trial can help to cure many other diseases beside cancer and essential example would be polio which threats the ability of our children. Peters S, 2005 introduced the procedure of Salk from the beginning of his experiment with monkeys until humans. At the beginning of the 1950’s after Salk success of curing monkeys of the polio by vaccines, he was ready to pass these vaccines to humans and it was in secrecy. Salk took blood from polio patients to identify the types of antibodies they had to vaccinate them with vaccines of the same types of their antibodies to see whether the result would increase their antibody levels or not. Salk stated â€Å"since the subjects already has antibody and were immune to another paralytic attack †¦ the experiment would be as safe as it could possibly be†. The antibody level in each subject demonstrated a considerable increase when blood samples were taken only some weeks after injecti on with the vaccine; therefore, the experiment was not only safe but also was successful. After that, Salk prepared himself to move into new step which he would vaccinate people who don’t have polio and this experiment was in secrecy as well because it was more dangerous than the first trial. Fortunately, the subjects’ antibody level showed an increase so that the second trial was successful too and it could develop immunity against poliovirus.   It is obvious that Salk has brought contentment to many children who had this disease as well as to their families when he achieved the vaccinations against polio. Nowadays, everybody can see vaccines against polio everywhere such as schools and health centers. Therefore, if Salk had not carried out these experiments on monkeys, he would have not created the vaccines against polio. In conclusion, the use of animal testing in laboratories might went far from its purposes, such as testing cosmetic products which make people stand against it. This has created an issue that made the view of animal testing has been regarded the same, without considering its benefits when it becomes the only way to create new vaccines, treatment ways and medications and has the evidences that is the only way to survive too. To avoid the misunderstanding of animal testing, governments should impose rules and measurement for animal testing and create departments that study the cases weather it needs animal testing or other sufficient methods with less casualties. This can change many people opinions about experiments on animal because many people against it due to the wrong use of animals as in the cosmetic field. In addition, education regard the benefits of animal testing and where it becomes unnecessary should reach the society to avoid the misjudging of those scientists who gave th eir life to insure the struggle of human race. References Cooke, J. (2011). GM pigs: Green ham with your eggs?. Available: bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12113859. Last accessed. Valon, C (2007). New development in mutation research. New York: Nova Science puplishers. p73-56. Robert, P (2007). Medical advanced and animal research. UK: RDS. 10. Sample, L. (2009). Animal rights activists torch scientists car. Available:guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/mar/18/animal-rights-attack-ucla-neuroscientist. Last accessed 20th Feb. 2011. Peters, S (2005). the battle against polio. New York: Marshal.

Mistletoe

Mistletoe Mistletoe Mistletoe By Maeve Maddox Before mistletoe became an excuse to kiss people at Christmas parties, it was an important symbol in ancient Celtic religion. Pliny the Elder describes a ceremony in which Druids climbed an oak tree to harvest mistletoe with a golden sickle. Wrote Pliny: They believe that mistletoe given in drink will impart fertility to any animal that is barren and that it is an antidote to all poisons. Mistletoe figures in the story of the Norse god Baldur. (Also spelled Balder and Baldr.) Baldur was the most beloved of the Norse gods. All the gods loved him except Loki the mean-spirited troublemaker. Baldurs mother Freya dreamed that he died and was taken by Hel. Norsemen who died in battle were taken by the Valkyries to Valhalla. Everyone else went to Hel’s kingdom. When Freya woke she went to Hel and begged her not to take her son. Hel said that if she could persuade everything in the world not to harm Baldur, he could go on living. Freya extracted an oath from rocks, elves, giants, plants, and everything else. Every thing and every creature swore not to harm Baldur. Unfortunately, Freya neglected to speak to the mistletoe. It was so small and insignificant that she didn’t see how it could be a threat to anyone. When it became evident that nothing would kill Baldur, the other gods made a game of throwing weapons at him. Loki found out about the unsworn mistletoe. He went to the plant and took a cutting back to Asgard. He fastened it to an arrow and gave it to Baldur’s blind brother Hoder. Loki guided Hoder’s hand and the mistletoe on the arrow pierced Baldur’s heart, killing him. Theres more to Baldurs story, but this is the part about the mistletoe. If youre in the mood for more seasonal lore, you may enjoy these DWT posts from previous years. Dec 2008 Deck the Halls Dec 2008 December 26 Dec 2007 Festive Words Dec 2007 The Meaning of Christmas Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentencePeople versus PersonsPlurals of Proper Names

A Conversation Analysis from the film Babel Essay

A Conversation Analysis from the film Babel - Essay Example A film has a series of short stories that do not have conclusive endings. It is important to note that a convenient plot holds the shots in different places together. The intriguing plot of the movie depicts a series of much-unconnected stories of different persons and societies all over the world. In this film, communication and lack of it form the basis for my research on conversation analysis. In the movie, an American female tourist is mysteriously shot and wounded while on tour in the desert of Morocco. The two tourists, Richard and Susan argue bitterly following lose of their beloved son. Ironically, the shooter remains a puzzle and sets the impetus for a series of short stories that in the end make the plot of the whole film. This touches on the aspects of how different world languages, different societies, and cultures vary. In the film, different languages are spoken by different characters altogether. While her husband is trying to save her in the middle of a desert, their nanny in Mexico takes the couple’s children to a wedding. In another part of the movie, a 16 year-old adolescent girl, who also happens to be deaf looks for somebody to break her virginity. She does this in her quest to be understood the way she wants. The unending communication barriers brought about by different linguistic backgrounds is a theme of great relevance to conversation analysis.... Sacks et al defines turn taking as one party talking at a time. There is a minimization of gaps and silences too that enhance the feature of turn taking. He continues to argue that there is formulated system that makes these two techniques possible. In this case, one party speaks independently at a time hence minimizing the gaps and silences. Sacks et al. continues to state that a turn-construction unit (TCU) is the basic unit of a turn. (Brown, 2007, p. 224) argues that oral language and discourse is marked by exchanges. In this case, few sentences spoken by one participant are followed and built upon by sentences spoken by another. Whenever turn-constructional unit unfolds, a possible completion point is achieved. The possible completion point is considered as the transition point for any speaker. The waiter utilizes turn-constructional unit in the conversation below. 01 A waiter brings a plate and some cutlery 02 Waiter: (In broken English)) ^You want to order? --- Sentential TCU In line 02 above, the waiter in the restaurant initializes the conversation by asking a question. The arrow and the question mark indicate this. These two symbols tell us that in order for the conversation to move to the next level, an appropriate response must be given. In spite of talking probably in broken English, both Richard and Susan are able to get the conversation going by appropriately answering to his initial question. The sentential TCU provides the transition point for the next prudent conversation. 03. (0.9) 04 Richard: A:: yah’ll have thee um::chicken Co::usco::us (0.1)>and a 05Cokedoesn’t have fat in it

International human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International human rights - Research Paper Example The crisis has led to the need for humanitarian assistance by 3.8 million people who have been affected by the violence in South Sudan. The affected people mainly live in the Upper Nile Region, Jonglei, Central Equatoria, Western Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, and Lakes regions of South Sudan. This is the greatest human rights problem due to the large number of people affected by the crisis and the level of violence meted on innocent, vulnerable members of the community. Over 10,000 people have been killed in a crisis, and over five million people depend on humanitarian assistance between within and without the country in displacement campsii. The other reason for the crisis to be the greatest humanitarian crisis is that the violence has caused a threat of famine in South Sudan. Scholars, policy makers, and human rights organizations believe that the problem in South Sudan needs immediate attention by the United Nations, IGAD, regional organizations, and other international bodies to provide humanitarian aid and come together to solve the problem. The problem is caused by recent developments after the independence of South Sudan with the national government led by Salva Kiir unwilling to democratize and to take fewer measures to deliver basic services to the peopleiii. The result of this was the lack end of a common enemy anymore for SPLM, Khartoum, and their efforts for independence and self-determination. However, after achieving independence, splits in SPLM led to the differences and subsequent sacking of the vice president, Riek Machar among other elected leaders to silence dissent in SPLM resulting in violence and killings. United Nations, IGAD, European Union, United Kingdom, and neighboring countries are working on the South Sudan problem through taking efforts to ensure the differences between Riek Machar and President Salva Kiir

How to write an environmental science essay

How to write an environmental science essay Environmental science is an idiom, which has come to encompass a wide range of scientific disciplines in order to provide an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems [Coupland 1997]. Although the environment has been studied for as long as there has been science, the recent interest in putting the pieces of understanding together to study environmental systems has come alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation starting during the 1960’s and 1970’s. This has been driven by the need for a large multi-disciplined subject to analyse complex environmental problems, the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. In order to write an environmental studies essay these disciplines need to be brought together to fully appreciate the many interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components. Environmental studies is a very diverse subject matter and essays should try to deal with the issues in relation to human activities, economics, law and social science when answering the question at hand. When writing an environmental studies essay it is important to recognise that different titles suggest fundamentally different strategic approaches to essay writing. Jones et al, 1999, outlines this point by suggesting that essays can be split between non-critical (or descriptive) essays, which are more related to the chronology or uncontested ‘facts’ of an event, and critical essays, which requires the development of an argument through the piece. When writing science-based essays it will be this approach that lends itself more readily to the subject matter. It may be helpful to distinguish between ‘weakly’ and ‘strongly’ critical approaches in order to ensure that the essay presents the complete argument, and that the arguments are well balanced [Thomson 1996]. Weakly critical writing may involve evaluating alternative points of view, especially for the soundness of their reasoning and the legitimacy of their conclusions [Jones 1999]. It may well also involve developing your own arguments, and advancing your own conclusions; and may sometimes involve making personal ‘value judgments’. Strongly critical writing involves recognised the problematic and contestable character of knowledge claims. Here the writer needs to look at the presence of underlying values and assumptions (including those embodied in competing paradigms, discourses, rationalities and ethical principles [Thomson 1996]). In this case the writing is able to show critical awareness of your own, as well as other’s arguments, and it is this style that is more appropriate when trying to balance the array of arguments, over the various disciplines, that an environmental science essay would present. The basic structure on an essay has three main components: the introduction, the body and the conclusion. Each one of these parts serves to provide form and function in the communication of clear ideas, and each has a specific role to play that, when fully realised, allows for a continuous dialogue of logic, argument and erudition. The first element to address is the introduction, a vital invitation that should capture the reader’s attention and draw focus to the title of the piece. The introduction presents the aims, scope and procedure of the essay [Bell 1993], and should outline any limits you propose to place upon your discussion, to justify the particular focus you have chosen and clarify the particular perspective or orientation the essay will take. The introduction should also seek to outline individual arguments that will follow in the main body of the essay, summarizing how each supports the argument in question. When writing any essay the writer needs to demonstrate those areas that will be looked at and the rationale behind these choices in each case. These areas or identified topics can then be discussed in more detail through the main body of the essay. The body of any environmental studies essay is where the main thrust and support for the argument should be found. As the introduction delineates the key arguments that will be raised through the essay, the main body should address each point in more detail. Each paragraph in the body of an essay has a specific function. They can generally be identified by the topic sentence, which gives purpose to the paragraph and introduces the key issue, which will be addressed within it – in this sense each paragraph is constructed around a separate idea. It is also important to try and use paragraphs as transitions from one topic to another, so that there are no intellectual breaks between points of argument and the essay flows smoothly. Without these transitions they essay would read more like an outline, bulleting points one after another. To avoid this sub-headings are used extensively in the natural and social sciences (both of which are key components of environmental studies), and is a style characterised is scientific journals, which preserves the fluidity of a piece. Figures or tables should also be used in environmental studies essays as a means to present information, which illustrates, clarifies or helps to reinforce the writer’s ideas, and should be used throughout the main body. After the body of the essay has been written, a conclusion must be drawn, which should reiterate to the reader the proven arguments and their relation to the essay title. Writing clearly and concisely through the essay will allow you to develop better scientific arguments when attempting to conclude your argument. As aforementioned, environmental studies essays can often encompass a wide variety of scientific discussions as well as more humanistic debates and the conclusion should be able to transcend each of these genres to ensure that each argument has been communicated with a consistent tone. Throughout the piece a balanced argument should be put forward, the conclusion is the writers’s opportunity to synthesise their own opinion based on the evidence put forward. REFERENCES: Bell, J (1993) Doing Your Research Project. Open University Press (2nd edition) Creme, P and Lea, MR (1997) Writing at University: A Guide for Students. Open University Press Northedge, A (1990) The Good Study Guide. Open University Press Parker, D (1994) Tackling Coursework: Assignments, Projects, Reports and Presentations (DP Publications) Thomson, A (1996) Critical Reasoning: A Practical Introduction. Routledge Jones, P, Merritt, Q and Palmer, C (1999)‘Critical thinking and interdisciplinarity in environmental higher education: the case for epistemological and values awareness’, Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 23 (3), pages 349-57 Coupland, N and Coupland, J (1997) ‘Bodies, beaches and burn-times: â€Å"environmentalism† and its discursive competitors’, Discourse and Society, 8 (1), pages 7-25. Web resources: Iowa State University Environmental Science homepage.

Hebrew History Essay

Question #1 What were the major eras/events in Hebrew history? What importance do they have in Western Civilizations? Is the Bible a reasonably accurate source for the History of the Jewish people from the Egyptian captivity to the Babylonian captivity? The history of the Hebrew people is marked by war, internal conflict and an ongoing struggle for survival. Along the way, the Hebrews have crafted a rich tapestry of accomplishments through perseverance and faith. On more than one occasion, the majority of the Hebrew people have been enslaved. At other times, they were powerful and unquestioned rulers of their domain. A timeline of Jewish history shows these remarkable contrasts. The best contemporary source for the early origins of the Hebrew people is the Bible. This book contains a detailed chronology of the Hebrew people, their culture and their faith over a centuries-long time span. The first five books of the Bible comprise the Jewish Torah. These five books trace the creation of the world, its destruction by flood, the enslavement of the Jewish people, their escape, and the establishment of the nation of Israel. The thriving nation, would not last, though. It was subjugated by the Babylonians in the 700s B.C.E. In between the Egyptian and Babylon enslavements, the Hebrew people took an epic journey. According to the Bible Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt in about 1446 B.C.E. Shortly after, The Ten Commandments were given by God, laying the foundation for all future Jewish law. Thirty years after the Israelites entered Canaan, the Judges began their rule. A spectacular temple was completed in Jerusalem in about 959 B.C.E. A number of brutal wars followed in the next century. Israel itself had become a divided nation by this time. A weakened Israel had fallen captive to the Babylonians by about 586 B.C.E. The Torah is essentially a contemporary account, written by Moses and other early Jewish leaders. It spans from the creation of the world to the entry of the Hebrews into Canaan after escaping the Egyptians. The rest of the Old Testament chronicles the history of the Israeli nation, in addition to containing numerous prayers, songs, prophesies and accounts of miraculous happenings. Apart from the Biblical account, the Jewish people are mentioned in Egyptian texts dating back to 1440 B.C.E. Early Jewish history is intimately tied to the ancient Egyptian empires. Hebrew history has had a profound effect on Western Civilization. The Christian Bible, which contains the Jewish Torah along with centuries of historical accounts of Jewish culture, and is still the most widely read book in the world. Christ himself was Jewish. The Hebrews also contributed technical knowledge to the Western world. For example, the famous glassmakers of Italy were preceded by the Jewish glassmakers of ancient times. It is they who were primarily responsible for introducing this art to the world. For many, the Bible is the only credible source tracing history back to its origins. For Christians and non-Christians alike it shapes perception of the world around us. Orthodox Hebrews never accepted the Bible’s New Testament as doctrine. Instead of being the messiah, Christ is regarded as a prophet or teacher. As Christianity spread around the world, the Hebrew people were increasingly scapegoated for Christ’s death and persecuted for their rejection of him as the messiah. A deep anti-Semitism set in across Europe and spread to the new world. This has resulted in dire consequences throughout history and especially in the twentieth century. The Bible is a detailed and moving account of Jewish history. It is constructed dually as a book of history and a book of faith. Therefore, it cannot be expected to give a complete picture of all the complexities present in the development of the Hebrew nation. It is written from the perspective of a small fraction of the participants. In the following centuries scholars modified some portions of the text. Some other portions were deleted or lost. Given the lack of alternate perspectives in the Bible, it is clear that the writers and caretakers of it took extraordinary care to present and preserve the story as they believed it to be. As a result it gives us a series of signposts that, in many cases, are confirmed by other ancient texts and oral traditions. The details will always be a matter of individual perception, but the Bible does provide a relatively accurate road map to the history of these extraordinary people. The most critical event in the history of Judaism is their deliverance from four hundred years of slavery to the Egyptian Pharaoh. According to the Bible, Moses and his brother Aaron were chosen to lead the Hebrew people on this miraculous escape. After several plagues were put upon the Egyptian people the Pharaoh was finally convinced to let the people go. He soon changed his mind, but the Red Sea swallowed up the Egyptian army as they tried to pursue the Hebrews. The Hebrew tribes lived in the desert for forty years until God allowed them to enter the promised land of Canaan. While the Hebrews were in the desert many of the Jewish rites and traditions were created that are still practiced today. Entering Canaan would not be easy, however. The Israelites waged war and defeated many of the tribes already living in the area. The land was divided into twelve subsections, one for each of the twelve tribes of Israel. Hundreds of years of wars and in-fighting followed as the nation of Israel tried to establish itself. Archaeological evidence found in recent years seems to confirm many events related in the Bible. The evidence also raises more questions, however. Archaeology and modern science has its limitations. Many of the major events in the Bible are backed up by modern evidence. It is more difficult to ascertain why and how these events happened. Question #2 In what way were the economic foundations of the Roman and the Han empires similar? How do you account for the similarity? How were they different? What were the consequences of the differences? During the Han dynasty, the Chinese economy underwent substantial changes. At the beginning of the period the economy was primarily based on subsistence farming. Trading activity was minimal and most farms were small family-run operations. Later in this period, a more substantial trade network emerged. A peasant class somewhat dependent on trade markets became more widespread. Grain and rice were the primary crops of the region. They were often used to pay for other goods and services. Rice crops were particularly robust as farmers constantly improved their farming methods. A trend toward commercialization of these products characterized this period. Industry also began to emerge during this period. Inventors, so prolific during the early part of the dynasty, began to lag behind their counterparts on other continents during the late part of the dynasty. The expansion of trade networks also dried up. The caused an economic vulnerability that enemies would effectively exploit. The Roman Empire became an economic powerhouse based essentially on its continual conquest of new areas. Eventually, this strength would become weaknesses. The Roman economy had several different weaknesses that played a role in the ultimate collapse of the empire. The Roman Empire economy specialized in luxury goods, architecture and infrastructure, and creating war-related materiel’. In pre-conquest times the Roman economy was much smaller, but it was also better balanced. Farms surrounded and supplied a central city-state where merchants, tradesmen and a professional class worked. The expansion of the empire forced the Romans to adopt a new monetary system based on both silver and gold. The availability of these metals varied causing the value of each in relation to the other to change frequently. This creation caused confusion and a lack of full faith in the monetary system in the years when the empire was expanding most rapidly. This, in turn, set the table for further difficulties down the road. As the empire became less centralized the cost of maintaining it rose consistently. Meanwhile income revenues were less dependable and predictable. Emperors began to rely heavily on slave labor and taxation to support the empire. Defending the widespread empire entailed enormous costs. Over time the empire became stretched too thin. In a desperate effort to remain financially viable, the Roman emperors reduced the actual content of silver and gold within their coinage. In other words, the face value of the coins was more than they were actually worth. The creation of a widely practiced monetary system allowed the economy to diversify and innovate. When the monetary system became less reliable the opposite began to occur. Due to slave labor, heavy taxation and other factors, economic innovation in Rome ground to a halt. The Romans could no longer afford to arm and equip their vast army. Far-flung outposts of Roman power became increasingly vulnerable. The â€Å"barbarians† from northern Europe were eventually able to penetrate the heart of the Roman Empire. Essentially, the Roman Empire operated an early example of free market capitalism. Their version of capitalism had several flaws that ultimately led to its destruction. Free market capitalism on this scale would not emerge again for many centuries. The fates of the Roman and Han empires exposed an ironic fact about economics and national security. When trade with outside entities peaked, so did the relative power of the empires. On the other hand, when trade was cut off or simply dried up, the empires were exposed to great risk. Their fates also showed the vulnerability of economies based in a large part on slave labor. In the Roman Empire, slaves were acquired from conquered territories and made to do much of the work that kept the empire operating smoothly. In the Han dynasty, people actually sold themselves and their families into slavery. Slave labor is inherently inefficient. Even for those who willingly sold themselves into slavery, production levels are rarely as great as that of free workers. Both economies eventually frowned on the use of slavery in such a widespread way, but economic stagnation had already set in. Both empires might be viewed as examples of the dangers of over-expansion. This is especially true of the Romans, who primarily relied on their war gains to support their economy. When the pace of conquest slowed, so did the economy. The Han dynasty differs in its initial focus on subsistence farming before converting to a more consumer-based economy. Both economies had their strong and weak points, but the Roman economy was particularly vulnerable to collapse. Question #3 What effects did the Indian Ocean trade have on the societies that took part in it? How is trade related to the dissemination of technology? Define the term â€Å"Africanity† and explain the development of â€Å"Africanity† in terms of Bantu migrations. Ancient Indian Ocean trade not only introduced new goods to various societies; it also began a centuries-long spread of information, technology, religion, language and culture. Trade across the Indian Ocean was well-established at least two thousand years ago. Cities sprung up along the African and Middle Eastern coasts. In this time port cities were primarily isolated from inland areas, meaning that the coastal cities developed unique identities of their own. Kinship and trade among the coastal cities in different regions led to a â€Å"de-nationalization† of these peoples. A sailor was a sailor first, and the citizen of a specific regime second. These sailors often married women in far away points. The wives, in effect, served as bridges between cultures. Generally speaking, using sea routes for trading was much less expensive than moving goods over land. Also overland routes were often blocked or impeded by armed forces or bandits. As Indian Ocean ship building improved, what resulted was an ancient version of globalism. The cross-cultural social and economic effects we see today were present in antiquity on a smaller scale. The relatively vast distances necessary to travel the Indian Ocean gave rise to new techniques and methods in shipbuilding. These methods were diffused across cultures along with improvements in tools, farming methods and other technologies. Ships were capable of transporting goods farther than ever before. There is strong evidence of an ancient trade triangle between Southern Africa, Egypt and India. There is also evidence that early traders ventured as far as Java in the Far East. As today, not everybody in ancient times was content with these cross-cultural influences. As the Islamic empire grew, an increasing number of Africans became affected by their influence. Some were content with this and other outside influences. Others may not have been. In about 1000 B.C.E. the first of several large migrations began. â€Å"Africanity† is a term of identity for the African people. It is distinctly different and less clearly defined than identifiers for other cultures. In fact, African languages have no one specific word for â€Å"identity†. In our language identity refers to an independent individual with clear boundaries from other individuals. In Africa, identity is more complex. Instead of being a static identifier, â€Å"Africanity† refers to an ongoing process of finding one’s identity within the larger culture. There is no singular identity. One’s identity is always being formed and is dependent on interaction with others. Africanity also is expressed discovering one’s differences from others. It is also a come to be a term of resistance to the imposed definitions of identity from the Europeans and others. Africans are not so comfortably identified in terms of a geographic description as Europeans or Americans might be. Identity is a process rather than a label. The Bantu are a large group of Africans loosely defined by language and tribal connections. In several large waves, the Bantu migrated throughout Africa. They diffused their language, culture and technological developments while also absorbing characteristics of the people they came into contact with. The Bantu migrated primarily from north to south over about 1500 years. Their possible reasons were numerous and still somewhat mysterious. Overpopulation and the lack of arable land for agriculture are often cites as reasons for this tremendous population shift. Others have proposed more primal reasons. Were the Bantu migrations an expression of â€Å"Africanity†? Some Bantu were moving away from attacks by outside empires. More pervasive were the encroaching cultural and religious influences that some Bantu may have felt were drawing them away from their own pursuit of identity and forcing outside standards upon them. There is still a lot of debate as to why such a large number of Bantu migrated throughut Africa in successive waves. It may have been strictly economic or there may have been deeper elements involved. Whatever their reason; their integration and diffusion of other African societies and their knack for survival are in their own ways expressions of Africanity. Question #5 Discuss the origins of Islam, and the development of the religion of Islam, the umma, and the three branches of Islam (Sunni, Shiite, and Kharijite). What were the causes of the decline of the caliphate? The faith of Islam is thousands of years old. It traces its history to many of the same characters mentioned in the Bible and the Torah. For instance, Abraham is a central figure in all three texts. Islam would go on to take unique perspectives and characteristics from the other two, partially due to regional differences. As individual religions became the main defining characteristic of competing nation states, wars in the name of religion became commonplace. The primary figure in the development of Islam was the prophet Mohammed. He was born approximately 570 B.C. in the town of Mecca (in modern day Saudi Arabia). He rejected the polytheism commonly practiced around him in favor of one God, called Allah. In his 40s, Mohammed began receiving divine revelations which he dutifully recorded for posterity. These revelations formed the central part of the Qu’ran, the book of faith for the religion of Islam. Lacking acceptance from his peers, and from Jewish and Christian critics, Mohammed moved his ministry to the city of Medina. From Mohamed’s time all the way to the present day differing views on the Qu’ran have caused conflict within the Muslim world. There is a very strict constructionist view of the book that demands adherence to the book’s tenets even when taken to extreme levels. On the other side a more moderate wing of Islamic leaders who believe that contact and cooperation with the non-Islamic world is not living in violation of the Qu’ran. After Mohammed’s death, there was no clear successor to his leadership. Various local sects competed for this leadership with three main groups emerging – Sunni, Shiite and Kharijite. To this day the three groups have doctrinal differences that sometimes result in bitter conflicts. Each group claims a different line of succession tracing all the way back to Mohammed himself. For instance, the Shi’a believe that the legitimate line of leadership must run directly through the family of Mohammed, while the Sunni and others believe that leadership can be politically elected from outside Mohammed’s family tree. During Mohammed’s life the influence of Islam remained primarily within the Arabian Peninsula. Shortly after his death Islamic armies began to conquer nearby regions, eventually reaching Western Europe and Israel. Early Islam also promoted the acquisition of scientific knowledge. As a result, early Islamic society was highly advanced. The Umma is a term that describes a wide variety of Islamic people. It includes Islamic people in all primary spheres of Islamic influence. Most commonly, the Umma refers to all Islamic peoples from Africa to the easternmost point of Pakistan. The term dates back to ancient Islam. The centralization of the Islamic governmental structure lasted about 200 years. By the end of this period powerful emirs began to rule individual kingdoms within the empire. Control by a centralized caliphate was proving to be impractical and unresponsive to the defensive needs of certain localized areas. Eminent scholars argued increasingly that the security of the Umma was at risk under the caliphate system. Many leaders wanted to maintain the caliphate while also delegating more day-to-day management to local authorities. This idea gradually began to take hold. Meanwhile, waves of Turkish and Selijug and other immigrants helped accelerate the process toward local emirates. Economic and security factors eroded the Caliphate and gave rise to a network of smaller emirates.

Womens Role in Shakespearean Tragedy - 1742 Words

In Shakespeares tragedies and his plays in general, we can come across several types of female characters. Their influence with other characters and their purpose or role, often underestimated like women themselves, will be this essays main subject. Women in Shakespearean plays have always had important roles, sometimes even the leading role. Whether they create the main conflicts and base of the plays, or bring up interesting moral and cultural questions, they have always been put in challenging situations. Some women are stronger than others, and their effect on the play is different for each one. They often even surpass the male heroes. Its almost unbelieveable, if we take into consideration the status of women, of course with†¦show more content†¦Only transgressing the patriarchal bounds of femininity by marrying so soon after her husbands death and not remaining in passive grief makes her strong but grim indeed. This provides Hamlet with a model of womens inconstancy ( Frailty, thy name is woman.). On the other hand in the portrayal of unstable Ophelia Shakespeare shows how men in a strong patriarchal society controlled women in the 1600s. The influence of men in Ophelias life is evident throughout by the relationships with men in her life. It is interesting to note that Ophelias first scene is in a very domestic setting. She is influenced and controlled by those around her, and unable to express her deep feelings because of their control. Actually she suffers as a result of Hamlets patriarchal values of womanhood. Ophelias subsequent madness and eventual suicide (so typical sign of the classical tragedy) came as a result of the pressure and control her father and the king had over her. At her fathers death she lost her identity completely, and along with that her sanity. But she has a major influence on Hamlet, and his return to sanity, despite the fact, she is a victim. Juliet is given similar personality in another Shakespeares tragic play, Romeo and Juliet. Again it explores the effects of patriarchal authority exerted over women and the responses to it. Through heroine Juliet, Lady Capulet, and the Nurse, Shakespeare establishes a common understanding of this type of society, andShow MoreRelated The Role of Women in Shakespeares Tragedies Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women in Shakespeares Tragedies In Shakespeare’s tragedies and his plays in general, we can come across several types of female characters. Their influence with other characters and their purpose or role, often underestimated like women themselves, will be this essay’s main subject. Women in Shakespearean plays have always had important roles, sometimes even the leading role. Whether they create the main conflicts and base of the plays, or bring up interesting moral and culturalRead More Goodnight Desdemona: a Feminist Introspection of Shakespeare2482 Words   |  10 PagesAnn-Marie MacDonald’s Goodnight Desdemona (Good morningJuliet) uses intertextuality to unveil the complete Shakespearean characters of Juliet and Desdemona to reveal the feminist narrative lurking between lines of Shakespeare’s plays. Only through the intertextual re-examination of the Shakespearean text itself via the interjection of genre and the reassigning of dialogue, within the metatheatre, is the true feminist representation of the female Shakespearian characters unveiled from behind the patriarchalRead MoreGender Inequality In Hamlet1261 Words   |  6 Pagesgap†. Despite the decrease in the gender gap, with the outrageous scandals surrounding Hollywood mogul Harv ey Weinstein, and the increase in political strife and organizations fighting for gender equality, these problems have existed at least Shakespearean times as exemplified by the gender imbalance portrayed frequently in the play, Hamlet. William Shakespeare’s renowned play, Hamlet, is from a male-centered point of view; therefore, it exclusively focuses upon the male characters and their emotionsRead More Othello’s Female Roles Essay1945 Words   |  8 PagesOthello’s Female Roles  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Let’s look at the roles of the three lady-characters in the Shakespearean drama Othello. Their roles are not marginal, but are rather vital to the tragedy.    In the Introduction to Shakespeare’s Othello: The Harbrace Theatre Edition, John Russell Brown summarizes the role of the heroine of the play:    When considered functionally, Desdemona’s role may be seen to be every bit as demanding as those of the principals. The fact that she has far fewerRead More Why Macbeth becomes Ruthless in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a tragedy of a Scottish general who dramatically â€Å"transforms† from being a noble and dutiful soldier to a ruthless butcher. This is a direct consequence of the supernatural world, his wife’s manipulation and persuasion, and Macbeth’s own ambition. One of the main factors that influenced Macbeth’s transformation was the impact the witches and the super natural world had on him. It is an important theme as in Shakespeare’s day, the audience strongly believed in the existence of witchesRead MoreEssay about Ophelia: Harshly Criticized1027 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet, a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in the 16th century, has been subject to evaluation for centuries. Each character has been broken down and analyzed. The psychology of each character has been examined. Every relationship has been studied to find more answer surrounding the play. Harold Bloom and Sigmund Freud have examined it extensively. Scholars have dissected all parts of the play. One character that has recently been analyzed more and more is Ophelia. She has been defended byRead MoreRole of Women in Shakespeares Plays - a Case Study of Macbeth and the Merchant of Venice1499 Words   |  6 PagesRoman and Italian models and history plays i n the popular chronicle tradition. His second period begin in about 1595 with the tragedy â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and ended with the tragedy of â€Å"Julius Caesar† in 1599. During this time, he wrote what are considered his greatest comedies and histories. From about 1600 to about 1608, his â€Å"tragic period†, Shakespeare wrote mostly tragedies, and from 1608 to 1613, mainly tragicomedies called romances. (â€Å"WilliamRead MoreFemale Characters in Hamlet4091 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction Shakespearean tragedy is a story of one, or at most two persons. As a rule, they are male protagonists. But to say that Shakespeare’s female characters are shallow, undeveloped and used just as a decoration on the stage is very wrong. Women in Shakespeare’s tragedies have no leading role and they are, to paraphrase Northrop Frye,[1] not tragic heroines, but heroines in a tragedy. All female characters in Shakespeare’s tragedies have one thing in common – they end up dead. It isRead MoreFeminist Theory Applied to Hamlet2809 Words   |  12 Pagessheet pattern after her, is in inverse relation to her invisibility in Shakespearean critical texts. Why has she been such a potent and obsessive figure in our cultural mythology? Insofar as Hamlet names Ophelia as â€Å"woman† and â€Å"frailty,† substituting an ideological view of femininity for a personal one, is she indeed representative of Woman, and does her madness stand for the oppression of women in society as well as in tragedy? Furthermore, since Laertes calls Ophelia a â€Å"document in madness,† doesRead MoreThe Skull Beneath the Skin Comparative Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesidentifies this phenomenon: genres change over time; conventions of each genre shift, new genres and sub-genres emerge and others are discontinued. Through my prescribed texts, Howard Hawks hardb oiled film The Big Sleep (1946) and P.D. James Revenge Tragedy The Skull Beneath the Skin (1982), and related texts, Agatha Christies classic detective story Murder on the Orient Express (1933) and Ray Lawrences psychological film Lantana (2001), I will explore the morphing and changing of the crime fiction

Diabetes , hypoglycemia Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Types of Diabetes Mellitus Type I Diabetes Melitus is the insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile-onset diabetes. In this type of Diabetes, more than 90 percent of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed, which results to lack or complete absence of insulin (â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus, † 2003). There are only around 10 percent of people with Diabetes to have this type, and most of these people who have Type I Diabetes develop the disease before 30 years old. In Type I Diabetes, insulin is infused regularly to regulate the blood glucose level. On the other hand, the more common Type II diabetes, or late onset Diabetes is non-insulin dependent. This is because the pancreas is able to produce insulin, only that the body has developed resistance to its effects. Hence, there is still not enough insulin to meet the body requirements (â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus, † 2003). Over time, Diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and atherosclerosis, which arises due to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, brought about by irregular cardiac workload (Mathur, 2006). This may lead to Cardiovascular Accidents or strokes, coronary heart diseases, and other blood vessel diseases. Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia is a condition wherein there is an abnormally low blood glucose level. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes , hypoglycemia or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Hypoglycaemia is considered to be present when the blood glucose level presents below the normal range of 4 to 8 mmol/l. The organ systems that are affected during its course are the neurogycopenic and the autonomic nervous system (Smeeks, 2006). Without the presence of glucose in the blood, the brain will not be able to function normally as its main fuel or source of energy is glucose. Hence, the central nervous system is affected. Hypoglycaemia may manifest signs of weakness, headache, hunger, visual blurring, ataxia or impaired control of movement, anxiety, and personality changes (Allen, 2002). If hypoglycemia remains untreated, there may be delirium, coma, or death. Maria’s Scenario Maria is a strong-wiled and independent woman, who, after three years of independently traveling around the world, has finally settled into her own flat. She is currently partway through a hair and beauty course at her local college. To be able to afford her living expenses, she maintains a part time job in a local gentleman club, which is physically demanding in nature. She is very conscious about fashion and her appearance, and tries very hard to maintain her tall, elegant body figure.