How to write an environmental science essay

How to write an environmental science essay Environmental science is an idiom, which has come to encompass a wide range of scientific disciplines in order to provide an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems [Coupland 1997]. Although the environment has been studied for as long as there has been science, the recent interest in putting the pieces of understanding together to study environmental systems has come alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation starting during the 1960’s and 1970’s. This has been driven by the need for a large multi-disciplined subject to analyse complex environmental problems, the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. In order to write an environmental studies essay these disciplines need to be brought together to fully appreciate the many interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components. Environmental studies is a very diverse subject matter and essays should try to deal with the issues in relation to human activities, economics, law and social science when answering the question at hand. When writing an environmental studies essay it is important to recognise that different titles suggest fundamentally different strategic approaches to essay writing. Jones et al, 1999, outlines this point by suggesting that essays can be split between non-critical (or descriptive) essays, which are more related to the chronology or uncontested ‘facts’ of an event, and critical essays, which requires the development of an argument through the piece. When writing science-based essays it will be this approach that lends itself more readily to the subject matter. It may be helpful to distinguish between ‘weakly’ and ‘strongly’ critical approaches in order to ensure that the essay presents the complete argument, and that the arguments are well balanced [Thomson 1996]. Weakly critical writing may involve evaluating alternative points of view, especially for the soundness of their reasoning and the legitimacy of their conclusions [Jones 1999]. It may well also involve developing your own arguments, and advancing your own conclusions; and may sometimes involve making personal ‘value judgments’. Strongly critical writing involves recognised the problematic and contestable character of knowledge claims. Here the writer needs to look at the presence of underlying values and assumptions (including those embodied in competing paradigms, discourses, rationalities and ethical principles [Thomson 1996]). In this case the writing is able to show critical awareness of your own, as well as other’s arguments, and it is this style that is more appropriate when trying to balance the array of arguments, over the various disciplines, that an environmental science essay would present. The basic structure on an essay has three main components: the introduction, the body and the conclusion. Each one of these parts serves to provide form and function in the communication of clear ideas, and each has a specific role to play that, when fully realised, allows for a continuous dialogue of logic, argument and erudition. The first element to address is the introduction, a vital invitation that should capture the reader’s attention and draw focus to the title of the piece. The introduction presents the aims, scope and procedure of the essay [Bell 1993], and should outline any limits you propose to place upon your discussion, to justify the particular focus you have chosen and clarify the particular perspective or orientation the essay will take. The introduction should also seek to outline individual arguments that will follow in the main body of the essay, summarizing how each supports the argument in question. When writing any essay the writer needs to demonstrate those areas that will be looked at and the rationale behind these choices in each case. These areas or identified topics can then be discussed in more detail through the main body of the essay. The body of any environmental studies essay is where the main thrust and support for the argument should be found. As the introduction delineates the key arguments that will be raised through the essay, the main body should address each point in more detail. Each paragraph in the body of an essay has a specific function. They can generally be identified by the topic sentence, which gives purpose to the paragraph and introduces the key issue, which will be addressed within it – in this sense each paragraph is constructed around a separate idea. It is also important to try and use paragraphs as transitions from one topic to another, so that there are no intellectual breaks between points of argument and the essay flows smoothly. Without these transitions they essay would read more like an outline, bulleting points one after another. To avoid this sub-headings are used extensively in the natural and social sciences (both of which are key components of environmental studies), and is a style characterised is scientific journals, which preserves the fluidity of a piece. Figures or tables should also be used in environmental studies essays as a means to present information, which illustrates, clarifies or helps to reinforce the writer’s ideas, and should be used throughout the main body. After the body of the essay has been written, a conclusion must be drawn, which should reiterate to the reader the proven arguments and their relation to the essay title. Writing clearly and concisely through the essay will allow you to develop better scientific arguments when attempting to conclude your argument. As aforementioned, environmental studies essays can often encompass a wide variety of scientific discussions as well as more humanistic debates and the conclusion should be able to transcend each of these genres to ensure that each argument has been communicated with a consistent tone. Throughout the piece a balanced argument should be put forward, the conclusion is the writers’s opportunity to synthesise their own opinion based on the evidence put forward. REFERENCES: Bell, J (1993) Doing Your Research Project. Open University Press (2nd edition) Creme, P and Lea, MR (1997) Writing at University: A Guide for Students. Open University Press Northedge, A (1990) The Good Study Guide. Open University Press Parker, D (1994) Tackling Coursework: Assignments, Projects, Reports and Presentations (DP Publications) Thomson, A (1996) Critical Reasoning: A Practical Introduction. Routledge Jones, P, Merritt, Q and Palmer, C (1999)‘Critical thinking and interdisciplinarity in environmental higher education: the case for epistemological and values awareness’, Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 23 (3), pages 349-57 Coupland, N and Coupland, J (1997) ‘Bodies, beaches and burn-times: â€Å"environmentalism† and its discursive competitors’, Discourse and Society, 8 (1), pages 7-25. Web resources: Iowa State University Environmental Science homepage.

Hebrew History Essay

Question #1 What were the major eras/events in Hebrew history? What importance do they have in Western Civilizations? Is the Bible a reasonably accurate source for the History of the Jewish people from the Egyptian captivity to the Babylonian captivity? The history of the Hebrew people is marked by war, internal conflict and an ongoing struggle for survival. Along the way, the Hebrews have crafted a rich tapestry of accomplishments through perseverance and faith. On more than one occasion, the majority of the Hebrew people have been enslaved. At other times, they were powerful and unquestioned rulers of their domain. A timeline of Jewish history shows these remarkable contrasts. The best contemporary source for the early origins of the Hebrew people is the Bible. This book contains a detailed chronology of the Hebrew people, their culture and their faith over a centuries-long time span. The first five books of the Bible comprise the Jewish Torah. These five books trace the creation of the world, its destruction by flood, the enslavement of the Jewish people, their escape, and the establishment of the nation of Israel. The thriving nation, would not last, though. It was subjugated by the Babylonians in the 700s B.C.E. In between the Egyptian and Babylon enslavements, the Hebrew people took an epic journey. According to the Bible Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt in about 1446 B.C.E. Shortly after, The Ten Commandments were given by God, laying the foundation for all future Jewish law. Thirty years after the Israelites entered Canaan, the Judges began their rule. A spectacular temple was completed in Jerusalem in about 959 B.C.E. A number of brutal wars followed in the next century. Israel itself had become a divided nation by this time. A weakened Israel had fallen captive to the Babylonians by about 586 B.C.E. The Torah is essentially a contemporary account, written by Moses and other early Jewish leaders. It spans from the creation of the world to the entry of the Hebrews into Canaan after escaping the Egyptians. The rest of the Old Testament chronicles the history of the Israeli nation, in addition to containing numerous prayers, songs, prophesies and accounts of miraculous happenings. Apart from the Biblical account, the Jewish people are mentioned in Egyptian texts dating back to 1440 B.C.E. Early Jewish history is intimately tied to the ancient Egyptian empires. Hebrew history has had a profound effect on Western Civilization. The Christian Bible, which contains the Jewish Torah along with centuries of historical accounts of Jewish culture, and is still the most widely read book in the world. Christ himself was Jewish. The Hebrews also contributed technical knowledge to the Western world. For example, the famous glassmakers of Italy were preceded by the Jewish glassmakers of ancient times. It is they who were primarily responsible for introducing this art to the world. For many, the Bible is the only credible source tracing history back to its origins. For Christians and non-Christians alike it shapes perception of the world around us. Orthodox Hebrews never accepted the Bible’s New Testament as doctrine. Instead of being the messiah, Christ is regarded as a prophet or teacher. As Christianity spread around the world, the Hebrew people were increasingly scapegoated for Christ’s death and persecuted for their rejection of him as the messiah. A deep anti-Semitism set in across Europe and spread to the new world. This has resulted in dire consequences throughout history and especially in the twentieth century. The Bible is a detailed and moving account of Jewish history. It is constructed dually as a book of history and a book of faith. Therefore, it cannot be expected to give a complete picture of all the complexities present in the development of the Hebrew nation. It is written from the perspective of a small fraction of the participants. In the following centuries scholars modified some portions of the text. Some other portions were deleted or lost. Given the lack of alternate perspectives in the Bible, it is clear that the writers and caretakers of it took extraordinary care to present and preserve the story as they believed it to be. As a result it gives us a series of signposts that, in many cases, are confirmed by other ancient texts and oral traditions. The details will always be a matter of individual perception, but the Bible does provide a relatively accurate road map to the history of these extraordinary people. The most critical event in the history of Judaism is their deliverance from four hundred years of slavery to the Egyptian Pharaoh. According to the Bible, Moses and his brother Aaron were chosen to lead the Hebrew people on this miraculous escape. After several plagues were put upon the Egyptian people the Pharaoh was finally convinced to let the people go. He soon changed his mind, but the Red Sea swallowed up the Egyptian army as they tried to pursue the Hebrews. The Hebrew tribes lived in the desert for forty years until God allowed them to enter the promised land of Canaan. While the Hebrews were in the desert many of the Jewish rites and traditions were created that are still practiced today. Entering Canaan would not be easy, however. The Israelites waged war and defeated many of the tribes already living in the area. The land was divided into twelve subsections, one for each of the twelve tribes of Israel. Hundreds of years of wars and in-fighting followed as the nation of Israel tried to establish itself. Archaeological evidence found in recent years seems to confirm many events related in the Bible. The evidence also raises more questions, however. Archaeology and modern science has its limitations. Many of the major events in the Bible are backed up by modern evidence. It is more difficult to ascertain why and how these events happened. Question #2 In what way were the economic foundations of the Roman and the Han empires similar? How do you account for the similarity? How were they different? What were the consequences of the differences? During the Han dynasty, the Chinese economy underwent substantial changes. At the beginning of the period the economy was primarily based on subsistence farming. Trading activity was minimal and most farms were small family-run operations. Later in this period, a more substantial trade network emerged. A peasant class somewhat dependent on trade markets became more widespread. Grain and rice were the primary crops of the region. They were often used to pay for other goods and services. Rice crops were particularly robust as farmers constantly improved their farming methods. A trend toward commercialization of these products characterized this period. Industry also began to emerge during this period. Inventors, so prolific during the early part of the dynasty, began to lag behind their counterparts on other continents during the late part of the dynasty. The expansion of trade networks also dried up. The caused an economic vulnerability that enemies would effectively exploit. The Roman Empire became an economic powerhouse based essentially on its continual conquest of new areas. Eventually, this strength would become weaknesses. The Roman economy had several different weaknesses that played a role in the ultimate collapse of the empire. The Roman Empire economy specialized in luxury goods, architecture and infrastructure, and creating war-related materiel’. In pre-conquest times the Roman economy was much smaller, but it was also better balanced. Farms surrounded and supplied a central city-state where merchants, tradesmen and a professional class worked. The expansion of the empire forced the Romans to adopt a new monetary system based on both silver and gold. The availability of these metals varied causing the value of each in relation to the other to change frequently. This creation caused confusion and a lack of full faith in the monetary system in the years when the empire was expanding most rapidly. This, in turn, set the table for further difficulties down the road. As the empire became less centralized the cost of maintaining it rose consistently. Meanwhile income revenues were less dependable and predictable. Emperors began to rely heavily on slave labor and taxation to support the empire. Defending the widespread empire entailed enormous costs. Over time the empire became stretched too thin. In a desperate effort to remain financially viable, the Roman emperors reduced the actual content of silver and gold within their coinage. In other words, the face value of the coins was more than they were actually worth. The creation of a widely practiced monetary system allowed the economy to diversify and innovate. When the monetary system became less reliable the opposite began to occur. Due to slave labor, heavy taxation and other factors, economic innovation in Rome ground to a halt. The Romans could no longer afford to arm and equip their vast army. Far-flung outposts of Roman power became increasingly vulnerable. The â€Å"barbarians† from northern Europe were eventually able to penetrate the heart of the Roman Empire. Essentially, the Roman Empire operated an early example of free market capitalism. Their version of capitalism had several flaws that ultimately led to its destruction. Free market capitalism on this scale would not emerge again for many centuries. The fates of the Roman and Han empires exposed an ironic fact about economics and national security. When trade with outside entities peaked, so did the relative power of the empires. On the other hand, when trade was cut off or simply dried up, the empires were exposed to great risk. Their fates also showed the vulnerability of economies based in a large part on slave labor. In the Roman Empire, slaves were acquired from conquered territories and made to do much of the work that kept the empire operating smoothly. In the Han dynasty, people actually sold themselves and their families into slavery. Slave labor is inherently inefficient. Even for those who willingly sold themselves into slavery, production levels are rarely as great as that of free workers. Both economies eventually frowned on the use of slavery in such a widespread way, but economic stagnation had already set in. Both empires might be viewed as examples of the dangers of over-expansion. This is especially true of the Romans, who primarily relied on their war gains to support their economy. When the pace of conquest slowed, so did the economy. The Han dynasty differs in its initial focus on subsistence farming before converting to a more consumer-based economy. Both economies had their strong and weak points, but the Roman economy was particularly vulnerable to collapse. Question #3 What effects did the Indian Ocean trade have on the societies that took part in it? How is trade related to the dissemination of technology? Define the term â€Å"Africanity† and explain the development of â€Å"Africanity† in terms of Bantu migrations. Ancient Indian Ocean trade not only introduced new goods to various societies; it also began a centuries-long spread of information, technology, religion, language and culture. Trade across the Indian Ocean was well-established at least two thousand years ago. Cities sprung up along the African and Middle Eastern coasts. In this time port cities were primarily isolated from inland areas, meaning that the coastal cities developed unique identities of their own. Kinship and trade among the coastal cities in different regions led to a â€Å"de-nationalization† of these peoples. A sailor was a sailor first, and the citizen of a specific regime second. These sailors often married women in far away points. The wives, in effect, served as bridges between cultures. Generally speaking, using sea routes for trading was much less expensive than moving goods over land. Also overland routes were often blocked or impeded by armed forces or bandits. As Indian Ocean ship building improved, what resulted was an ancient version of globalism. The cross-cultural social and economic effects we see today were present in antiquity on a smaller scale. The relatively vast distances necessary to travel the Indian Ocean gave rise to new techniques and methods in shipbuilding. These methods were diffused across cultures along with improvements in tools, farming methods and other technologies. Ships were capable of transporting goods farther than ever before. There is strong evidence of an ancient trade triangle between Southern Africa, Egypt and India. There is also evidence that early traders ventured as far as Java in the Far East. As today, not everybody in ancient times was content with these cross-cultural influences. As the Islamic empire grew, an increasing number of Africans became affected by their influence. Some were content with this and other outside influences. Others may not have been. In about 1000 B.C.E. the first of several large migrations began. â€Å"Africanity† is a term of identity for the African people. It is distinctly different and less clearly defined than identifiers for other cultures. In fact, African languages have no one specific word for â€Å"identity†. In our language identity refers to an independent individual with clear boundaries from other individuals. In Africa, identity is more complex. Instead of being a static identifier, â€Å"Africanity† refers to an ongoing process of finding one’s identity within the larger culture. There is no singular identity. One’s identity is always being formed and is dependent on interaction with others. Africanity also is expressed discovering one’s differences from others. It is also a come to be a term of resistance to the imposed definitions of identity from the Europeans and others. Africans are not so comfortably identified in terms of a geographic description as Europeans or Americans might be. Identity is a process rather than a label. The Bantu are a large group of Africans loosely defined by language and tribal connections. In several large waves, the Bantu migrated throughout Africa. They diffused their language, culture and technological developments while also absorbing characteristics of the people they came into contact with. The Bantu migrated primarily from north to south over about 1500 years. Their possible reasons were numerous and still somewhat mysterious. Overpopulation and the lack of arable land for agriculture are often cites as reasons for this tremendous population shift. Others have proposed more primal reasons. Were the Bantu migrations an expression of â€Å"Africanity†? Some Bantu were moving away from attacks by outside empires. More pervasive were the encroaching cultural and religious influences that some Bantu may have felt were drawing them away from their own pursuit of identity and forcing outside standards upon them. There is still a lot of debate as to why such a large number of Bantu migrated throughut Africa in successive waves. It may have been strictly economic or there may have been deeper elements involved. Whatever their reason; their integration and diffusion of other African societies and their knack for survival are in their own ways expressions of Africanity. Question #5 Discuss the origins of Islam, and the development of the religion of Islam, the umma, and the three branches of Islam (Sunni, Shiite, and Kharijite). What were the causes of the decline of the caliphate? The faith of Islam is thousands of years old. It traces its history to many of the same characters mentioned in the Bible and the Torah. For instance, Abraham is a central figure in all three texts. Islam would go on to take unique perspectives and characteristics from the other two, partially due to regional differences. As individual religions became the main defining characteristic of competing nation states, wars in the name of religion became commonplace. The primary figure in the development of Islam was the prophet Mohammed. He was born approximately 570 B.C. in the town of Mecca (in modern day Saudi Arabia). He rejected the polytheism commonly practiced around him in favor of one God, called Allah. In his 40s, Mohammed began receiving divine revelations which he dutifully recorded for posterity. These revelations formed the central part of the Qu’ran, the book of faith for the religion of Islam. Lacking acceptance from his peers, and from Jewish and Christian critics, Mohammed moved his ministry to the city of Medina. From Mohamed’s time all the way to the present day differing views on the Qu’ran have caused conflict within the Muslim world. There is a very strict constructionist view of the book that demands adherence to the book’s tenets even when taken to extreme levels. On the other side a more moderate wing of Islamic leaders who believe that contact and cooperation with the non-Islamic world is not living in violation of the Qu’ran. After Mohammed’s death, there was no clear successor to his leadership. Various local sects competed for this leadership with three main groups emerging – Sunni, Shiite and Kharijite. To this day the three groups have doctrinal differences that sometimes result in bitter conflicts. Each group claims a different line of succession tracing all the way back to Mohammed himself. For instance, the Shi’a believe that the legitimate line of leadership must run directly through the family of Mohammed, while the Sunni and others believe that leadership can be politically elected from outside Mohammed’s family tree. During Mohammed’s life the influence of Islam remained primarily within the Arabian Peninsula. Shortly after his death Islamic armies began to conquer nearby regions, eventually reaching Western Europe and Israel. Early Islam also promoted the acquisition of scientific knowledge. As a result, early Islamic society was highly advanced. The Umma is a term that describes a wide variety of Islamic people. It includes Islamic people in all primary spheres of Islamic influence. Most commonly, the Umma refers to all Islamic peoples from Africa to the easternmost point of Pakistan. The term dates back to ancient Islam. The centralization of the Islamic governmental structure lasted about 200 years. By the end of this period powerful emirs began to rule individual kingdoms within the empire. Control by a centralized caliphate was proving to be impractical and unresponsive to the defensive needs of certain localized areas. Eminent scholars argued increasingly that the security of the Umma was at risk under the caliphate system. Many leaders wanted to maintain the caliphate while also delegating more day-to-day management to local authorities. This idea gradually began to take hold. Meanwhile, waves of Turkish and Selijug and other immigrants helped accelerate the process toward local emirates. Economic and security factors eroded the Caliphate and gave rise to a network of smaller emirates.

Womens Role in Shakespearean Tragedy - 1742 Words

In Shakespeares tragedies and his plays in general, we can come across several types of female characters. Their influence with other characters and their purpose or role, often underestimated like women themselves, will be this essays main subject. Women in Shakespearean plays have always had important roles, sometimes even the leading role. Whether they create the main conflicts and base of the plays, or bring up interesting moral and cultural questions, they have always been put in challenging situations. Some women are stronger than others, and their effect on the play is different for each one. They often even surpass the male heroes. Its almost unbelieveable, if we take into consideration the status of women, of course with†¦show more content†¦Only transgressing the patriarchal bounds of femininity by marrying so soon after her husbands death and not remaining in passive grief makes her strong but grim indeed. This provides Hamlet with a model of womens inconstancy ( Frailty, thy name is woman.). On the other hand in the portrayal of unstable Ophelia Shakespeare shows how men in a strong patriarchal society controlled women in the 1600s. The influence of men in Ophelias life is evident throughout by the relationships with men in her life. It is interesting to note that Ophelias first scene is in a very domestic setting. She is influenced and controlled by those around her, and unable to express her deep feelings because of their control. Actually she suffers as a result of Hamlets patriarchal values of womanhood. Ophelias subsequent madness and eventual suicide (so typical sign of the classical tragedy) came as a result of the pressure and control her father and the king had over her. At her fathers death she lost her identity completely, and along with that her sanity. But she has a major influence on Hamlet, and his return to sanity, despite the fact, she is a victim. Juliet is given similar personality in another Shakespeares tragic play, Romeo and Juliet. Again it explores the effects of patriarchal authority exerted over women and the responses to it. Through heroine Juliet, Lady Capulet, and the Nurse, Shakespeare establishes a common understanding of this type of society, andShow MoreRelated The Role of Women in Shakespeares Tragedies Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women in Shakespeares Tragedies In Shakespeare’s tragedies and his plays in general, we can come across several types of female characters. Their influence with other characters and their purpose or role, often underestimated like women themselves, will be this essay’s main subject. Women in Shakespearean plays have always had important roles, sometimes even the leading role. 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Diabetes , hypoglycemia Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Types of Diabetes Mellitus Type I Diabetes Melitus is the insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile-onset diabetes. In this type of Diabetes, more than 90 percent of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed, which results to lack or complete absence of insulin (â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus, † 2003). There are only around 10 percent of people with Diabetes to have this type, and most of these people who have Type I Diabetes develop the disease before 30 years old. In Type I Diabetes, insulin is infused regularly to regulate the blood glucose level. On the other hand, the more common Type II diabetes, or late onset Diabetes is non-insulin dependent. This is because the pancreas is able to produce insulin, only that the body has developed resistance to its effects. Hence, there is still not enough insulin to meet the body requirements (â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus, † 2003). Over time, Diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and atherosclerosis, which arises due to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, brought about by irregular cardiac workload (Mathur, 2006). This may lead to Cardiovascular Accidents or strokes, coronary heart diseases, and other blood vessel diseases. Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia is a condition wherein there is an abnormally low blood glucose level. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes , hypoglycemia or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Hypoglycaemia is considered to be present when the blood glucose level presents below the normal range of 4 to 8 mmol/l. The organ systems that are affected during its course are the neurogycopenic and the autonomic nervous system (Smeeks, 2006). Without the presence of glucose in the blood, the brain will not be able to function normally as its main fuel or source of energy is glucose. Hence, the central nervous system is affected. Hypoglycaemia may manifest signs of weakness, headache, hunger, visual blurring, ataxia or impaired control of movement, anxiety, and personality changes (Allen, 2002). If hypoglycemia remains untreated, there may be delirium, coma, or death. Maria’s Scenario Maria is a strong-wiled and independent woman, who, after three years of independently traveling around the world, has finally settled into her own flat. She is currently partway through a hair and beauty course at her local college. To be able to afford her living expenses, she maintains a part time job in a local gentleman club, which is physically demanding in nature. She is very conscious about fashion and her appearance, and tries very hard to maintain her tall, elegant body figure.

Jake Carlson. Cullen, Engc 1101-33. Argumentative Essay.

Jake Carlson Cullen, ENGC 1101-33 Argumentative Essay 03/19/2017 1376 word count The United States’ Admission of Guilt for the Invasion of Native American Land Americans hunted, imprisoned, raped, and murdered Native Americans. Cherokees surviving the onslaught were forced on a 1,00-mile march to the established Indian Territory with few provisions. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this â€Å"Trail of Tears†. (Library of Congress 1) In the 16th century Europeans began to make appearances in North America. By the late 1700’s most tribal lands on the east coast were occupied by Europeans. In 1776 what we know now as the United States of America was founded. For many years to come Native American tribes fought against England, France, and†¦show more content†¦Doing so will help citizens to expand their conceptions of the land and begin to appreciate it’s many resources. Which is equally significant when one considers the recent climate changes and negative effects of human pollution of the earth. Some opponents argue that intrusions of sacred Native American land and that harnessing natural resources from sai d land is irrelevant in today’s day and age. But it must be argued that this assertion is false and that current events such as the recent standoff at Standing Rock Reservation over crude oil pipelines in North Dakota have proven that this issue is still alive and well in American society. The United States has been ignoring their contribution to one of the greatest genocides and largest land invasion in human history for some time. It is time that public schools and educational systems recognize this and begin to tech children the truth of how the United States was founded. I can attest to being taught in public schools, that the Pilgrims came over on the Mayflower and ate Thanksgiving dinner with the Indians at Plymouth Rock. In school, they made it seem like coming to The New World and taking over multiple different independent nations was something that should be easy and was decided over dinner. At home, my great grandmother would tell me â€Å"Christopher Columbus and his Pilgrims were no friends to us. They killed, raped and pillaged our people.†. Of course, being a young child and hearing

Quality Customer Service and IT Free Essays

In times past quality service was not important to managers and staff that worked for the County of San Bernardino. However due to the proliferation of corruption and mismanagement taxpayers are demanding more for their dollar. It is a known fact that when local government is run efficiently more people can be put to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Customer Service and IT or any similar topic only for you Order Now The money saved from this can in turn be used to benefit the local cities. Civic improvements can be made instead of paying for people to sit at home. To create this quality service information technology needed to be implemented. This where the BAS or (Business Applications and Support) division enters the picture. The mission of BAS is to provide quality computer software support through a customer service oriented methodology. A while back, before ITSD, there were ASU (Automated Systems Unit) analysts who lead and coordinated automation projects. They would gather up the requests from the different SSG divisions/departments, do a preliminary analysis, write a work order stating the request and/or problem that was to be solved through automation. The work order would then find its way to ISD (Information Services Department) where it would be assigned to a programmer analyst who would do an in-depth analysis with the help of the ASU analyst and define the requirements for the automation project. The programming would begin and soon, a new program was created and deployed. The requests and problems soon began to multiply and expand until it was like a virtual snowstorm of requests, too many for one small unit to keep under control. Help arrived around 1990 in the form of the Automation Project Administrator – the first of the Automation Coordination Specialists gathered together to relieve some of the burden falling on ASU. The Automation Project Administrator soon gathered in a handful of Automation Coordination Specialists who took on much of the job of the initial analysis of automation requests and problem definition. They met with the users, defined the problem, wrote the initial work order, which then went to ASU to forward to ISD, and often worked with the ISD programmers. The two units, ASU and ACU, found themselves still unable to keep up with the many automation requests, particularly since ASU had years before branched out into computer hardware requisition and maintenance. Then came Information Technology and Support Division (ITSD). ASU and ACU merged into one entity, a small (but growing) and mighty automation division. ASU became Systems Operations and Support (SOS) and ACU became BAS – Business Applications and Support. The BAS Analysts do in-depth analyses of computer software requests, working with the users and their management, write detailed functionality and design specs and work with the programmers to make sure that the final product is what the user requested and will meet the needs of the department. Support nearly all software applications within SSG, including the TAD Mainframe Benefit Issuance System; GAPPS, CWS/CMS and a myriad of PC based applications as well as intranet/internet. A change in technology has occurred in the past, and will continue at increasing rate. What will we use in five short years, in ten years†¦. the future of office automation will be achieved by all of us working together. This is important in this day and age when quality customer service is the buzzword for all branches of civil service. The attached chart shows what the long-term plan is for the County of San Bernardino. These improvements will enable the line worker to put more people to work and less people on the public dole. How to cite Quality Customer Service and IT, Essay examples

Challenges of Managing Global Team

Question: Write about theChallenges of Managing Global Team. Answer: Introduction Today, there are so many companies that are rapidly adopting and increasing the horizons of the organization by expanding in many international locations. To get some success, it is important to be recruit global team which will open up the way to connect as well as engage with people in a more geographic manner for so many employees as well as the company. It not only opens so many doors for the company in term of opportunity but it also leads to decrease in the cost as far as global collaborations are concerned, and it also ensures that there is greater speed in operations as well. Literature Review Literature Review Scope A virtual team has to function in a manner that companies can form a structure in a traditional manner as well as also evaluate the overall performance of the global team. There is a large number of a virtual team which also proves to be very beneficial however it is not that simple since there are the number of issues as well which management of the global team has. Development of global leaders and also keeping some control on the way people engage in work and also grow the team in a global manner (Boin et al., 2013). The organizations will also have to supervise and evaluate many teams working long distance and also the development of a global kind of mindset is important where an organization is functioning to understand the stand completely. Literature Review Objectives The main goal of the discussion is to be clearer about the number of challenges in the management of international teams. It is also vital to do some RD and understand the issues that arise for the company which is dependent on global teams for operations. Literature Review Comparative Analysis To gain some advantage being international companies, it is important for organizations to depend on diverse employees from different locations completely. They also need to build teams that provide the best type of functional based expertise from all across the world which is later mix with detailed and local knowledge of great opportunities present in those markets. Further, it also assists in drawing number of benefits from diversity internationally and also bringing a different kind of talent from diverse cultures along with diverse work experiences. It also covers a different kind of approaches to work and make the organization more competent in terms dealing with the global market (Boin et al., 2013). Every such element assists the companies to be able to be more effective in competition in the current business and market. But at the same time, managers also have to lead the teams and manage people with different cultural values and work ethics and this in itself is the biggest challenge. Creating some success at forming a team and also, it is challenging when each member of the team is working in local environment at the same time with people globally without actually sharing the same location. It is very easy to have loads of misunderstandings in such situation since the members of the team are sitting in different locations and are working at different times. So there will be less communication and cooperation, and it will create some distrust. A company's culture impact can also be shared with local talent, however, in the current time no matter what is the size of the company; work often expanded in the whole world. Software like SAP or many others, companies can manage teams sitting at the diverse location at the same time. This is why, organizations are just not limited to geographic location and specifically when it comes to management of talent based on the selection regarding acquiring local workforce (Crane and Matten, 2016). Following is the d etailed discussion of some of the crucial challenges that any organization faces while managing the global workforces: - There is no clear situation while functioning with the global team with diverse as the well contrasting culture as well as language. It is very normal for a member to understand key ideas and also to get completely lost in the overall language cycle. There is a number of reasons for this first being language barrier, poor connection or when there is multitasking of work from different ends (Johnson, 2014). It also gives rise to many kinds of gaps, and one must wonder about the level of communication which never uses to sink in starting. It is also crucial to put every important announcement in written form along with one to one communication on calls in clear words. This method ensures that each member of the team has the same kind of understanding of the decision. This completely impacts the level of decision making and especially when it takes a lot of time to schedule one single meeting and manage to get every team member in the meeting because of location difference. Also, there is no understanding of the situation as well, and the overall decision making can result in slow speed. It is very crucial to communicate along with different directions as well as number of different strategies for one to one interaction (Johnson, 2014). The idea is to make team member more present in the work and decision-making and also share ideas to be able to get so many feedbacks which will further help in improving the effectiveness. Interaction with employees in person is very crucial since it helps in motivating them and boosts the morale of the work team along with better collaboration. It is very difficult to resolve a conflict if it exists on the global team. Working via emails further make it difficult to deal with many issues and also get everybody at the same conclusion. The whole tone along with attitude plays a crucial part in interaction with the employees, and when there is ignorance in this, small issues can become hard to resolve or manage. In this situation, manager should ensure that any tough decision should be communicated in a phone call and not on any email (Erez et al., 2013). The reason for this is written messages are difficult to communicate the real intent which in a phone call can be made clearer. Culture difference is also an issue where big organizations dependent on communication and there will be bonding among different members of a team. These equations can be an issue for many global teams when it comes to management and also defining it in a right manner. It is very crucial here to have an expert who can train employees about the concept of working together as well as cultural based training (Pirkkalainen and Pawlowski, 2014). Many international teams are based on a structure along with different factors that determine social based distanced which are primarily because of a location and it also has the number of different sites where many team members are based on with people who work with different kind of websites. The issue is the opinion depends on the power which every employee possess. There are a number of teams; the members are working from different locations. It creates an imbalance which is set up a negative tone with other groups that may feel cheated (Pirkkalainen and Pawlowski, 2014). The belief here is that one will then try to go away with a different kind of contribution which can be unfair in many terms. Also, there are small groups also that can hold a belief that big group has more power and the voice in the decisions. The whole situation can be further exacerbated especially when the manager is present at the site with a number of people closing the main office of the company, and also members of the organization tend to completely ignore the needs and the work of the members at different locations. This kind of imbalance in diverse locations usually creates a realization that people in the team are not the same page with one another and there will be no concrete solution. It is very crucial to base the case of the international marketing team working all across the world and setting an example in the same situation (Moffett et al., 2014). Managers and the team when formulates the core strategy for a number of people who are constantly working in the company are also inculcated in this. There are small groups at other locations which aim at getting or covering the maximum market in their location. Research Gap and Contribution It is crucial to saving the viciousness and different kinds of dynamics after aiming at the overall RD along with making people aware of the process. For this, it is always important to consult an expert as discussed above. It is also vital to invest in good RD which will help in understanding different levels of misconceptions as well as the perception of so many employees and managers working in an international team. Also, results are very important particularly when the impacts or overall influence can cost a lot to the company (Farndale et al., 2014). At the same time, there are a number of people who work in a similar situation and also have come up with many innovative practices, and also it resulted in a creation of much-needed value for the company and stakeholders. One common difference present between diverse international teams is continuously working, and it does not come under any social distance. But such teams are connected with one another on the emotional front. Whe n a team works together, at the same kind of location with a level of social different is usually low. There are diverse backgrounds, and people can comfortably interact in a formal manner along with some informal situation as well that will align with building trust (Moran et al., 2014). The team when comes to a basic understanding of what particular kind of behavior will mean, and have people will feel closer, and it will father focus on cordial collaboration as well as teamwork. Members of a team will be placedd at one company, however, will be divided by the location can find it challenging to create a connection and also align with the experience based on social distance and struggle to create the effective type of communication. It is important to mitigate completely with the kind of social distance, the work will create, and therefore it also becomes a crucial challenge for some leaders managing the global kind of teams (Vestbo et al., 2013). Conclusion Above discussion makes it clear that global management faces some similar kind of issues that is related to management of global teams. There are so many organizations that are constantly working on global front to be more existent with the concept of globalization based manual that can further collect and also verify best practices along with the number of other issues as well (Sgaier et al., 2014). In an ideal situation, there are large numbers of policies formulated by the HR to handle international challenges in a proper manner with right kind of consistency and right kind of unbiased attitude. It also consists of right kind of responsiveness which will help in operating in an efficient manner. It is crucial to give some important titles along with the report that the company will have to form in right manner along with right equalized manner. It is also very crucial to understand that the world market is flat by nature but the terms and conditions formed by HR are not aligned wi th it in the same manner. The overall concept of a global team must base on the consistent level and also allow a more aligned structure with the number of local as well as other norms based law and culture (Sgaier et al., 2014). References Boin, A., Ekengren, M. and Rhinard, M., 2013.The European Union as crisis manager: patterns and prospects. Cambridge University Press. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Johnson, P.F., 2014.Purchasing and supply management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R. and Shokef, E., 2013. Going global: Developing management students' cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.330-355. Pirkkalainen, H. and Pawlowski, J.M., 2014. Global social knowledge managementunderstanding barriers for global workers utilizing social software.Computers in Human Behavior,30, pp.637-647. Moffett, M.H., Stonehill, A.I. and Eiteman, D.K., 2014.Fundamentals of multinational finance. Pearson. Farndale, E., Pai, A., Sparrow, P. and Scullion, H., 2014. Balancing individual and organizational goals in global talent management: A mutual-benefits perspective.Journal of World Business,49(2), pp.204-214. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Vestbo, J., Hurd, S.S., Agust, A.G., Jones, P.W., Vogelmeier, C., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P.J., Fabbri, L.M., Martinez, F.J., Nishimura, M. and Stockley, R.A., 2013. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,187(4), pp.347-365. Sgaier, S.K., Reed, J.B., Thomas, A. and Njeuhmeli, E., 2014. Achieving the HIV prevention impact of voluntary medical male circumcision: lessons and challenges for managing programs.PLoS Med,11(5), p.e1001641.